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Comment by nazeer ahmad chaudhry on August 16, 2013 at 4:07am

 

Southern Methodist University archaeologist David Freidel, co-director of excavations at Waka. Which may be precisely what Fire Is Born had in mind.

Waka appears to have been key to the envoy's mission: to bring the entire central Petén into Teotihuacan's orbit, through persuasion if possible, force if necessary. His principal target was Tikal, a kingdom 50 miles (80 kilometers) east of Waka. Tikal was the most influential city-state in the central Petén. Bring Tikal into the fold, and the other cities would follow.

Fire Is Born's soldiers were probably shock troops, designed principally to display his bona fides and demonstrate good faith. He needed reinforcements, and he had come to Waka to get them. In return, he could offer the goodwill of his patron, a mysterious ruler known from inscriptions as Spear-thrower Owl, probably a highland king, perhaps even the lord of Teotihuacan.

Comment by nazeer ahmad chaudhry on August 16, 2013 at 4:07am

A sprawling metropolis of 100,000 people or more—perhaps the largest city in the world at the time—Teotihuacan left no records that epigraphers have been able to decipher. But its motives in dispatching Fire Is Born to the Maya region seem clear. Waka sat on a promontory overlooking a tributary of the San Pedro with a protected harbor, excellent for berthing large canoes. "It was a perfect staging area" for military action, notes

Comment by nazeer ahmad chaudhry on August 16, 2013 at 4:06am

 

By 378 Waka was a prestigious center, boasting four main plazas, hundreds of buildings, temple mounds up to 300 feet (90 meters) tall, ceremonial palaces clad in painted stucco, and courtyards graced with carved limestone altars and monuments. A trading power, it occupied a strategic location on the San Pedro River, which flowed westward from the heart of the Petén. Its market was filled with Maya foodstuffs such as maize, beans, chilies, and avocados, along with chicle harvested from sapodilla trees to make glue, and latex from rubber trees to make balls for ceremonial games. Exotic goods found their way to Waka as well. Jade for sculpture and jewelry and quetzal feathers for costumes came from the mountains to the south, and obsidian for weapons and pyrite for mirrors from the Mexican plateau to the west, the domain of Teotihuacan.

Comment by nazeer ahmad chaudhry on August 16, 2013 at 4:05am

 

stars, predicted solar eclipses, and angled their ceremonial buildings so that they faced sunrise or sunset at particular times of year.

Mediating between the heavens and earth were the Maya kings—the kuhul ajaw, or holy lords, who derived their power from the gods. They functioned both as shamans, interpreting religion and ideology, and rulers who led their subjects in peace and war. Demarest and others have described the Maya centers as "theater states" in which the kuhul ajaw conducted elaborate public rituals to give metaphysical meaning to movements of the heavens, changes of the calendar, and the royal succession.

Behind the cloak of ritual, the Maya cities acted like states everywhere, making alliances, fighting wars, and trading for goods over territory that ultimately stretched from what is today southern Mexico through the Petén to the Caribbean coast of Honduras. Well-worn trails and stucco-paved causeways crisscrossed the forest, and canoes plied the rivers. But until Fire Is Born arrived, the Maya remained politically fragmented, the city-states charting their own courses in the jungle.

Comment by nazeer ahmad chaudhry on August 16, 2013 at 4:05am

As populations grew, they adopted more intensive methods of cultivation—composting, terracing, irrigation. They filled in swamps to create fields and carried silt and muck from bottomlands to fertilize enclosed gardens. Artificial ponds yielded fish, and corrals held deer and other game flushed from the forest. The ancient Maya ultimately coaxed enough sustenance from the meager land for several million people, many times more than now live in the region.

Over the centuries, as the Maya learned to prosper in the rain forest, the settlements grew into city-states, and the culture became ever more refined. The Maya built elegant multiroom palaces with vaulted ceilings; their temples rose hundreds of feet toward the heavens. Ceramics, murals, and sculpture displayed their distinctive artistic style, intricate and colorful. Though they used neither the wheel nor metal tools, they developed a complete hieroglyphic writing system and grasped the concept of zero, adopting it for everyday calculations. They also had a 365-day year and were sophisticated enough to make leap-year-like corrections. They regularly observed the

Comment by nazeer ahmad chaudhry on August 16, 2013 at 4:04am

The settlement of Kot Diji culture mostly remained l hidden under the ruins of  Mohenjodaro , Harappa and other big cities  now known as  Harappan Civilization 2600-1900 BC . Ethno-archaeological model  is assuming much as it was when the first 50 hunting groups arrived  in perhaps 8000 – 7000 BC connected with the arrival of Adam on earth.  A  dense  forest  , marshes and barren land where wild animals ruled was shared by manlike creatures . scarlet macaws, toucans, and vultures nest in towering tropical hardwoods. Scorpions , mountain , goats , fish , water buffalos lived together . These creatures and monkeys swing from branches and vines and howler monkeys bellow in the distance.  It had been  a land of  jungle , marshes , mud, serpents and sweat, and tigers and horned tigers the  lord of the jungle . The earliest arrivals of these creatures has been excavated in Samma Soan Valley of stone age  where we find  caves is probably had no choice—overcrowding elsewhere may have forced them into this forbidding environment. But once there, they mastered its challenges. Settling near rivers, lakes, and swamps, they learned to maximize the thin soil's productivity. They cleared the forest for maize, squash, and other crops by slashing and burning, much as today's Maya do, then re-enriched the land by alternating crops and letting fields lie fallow.

Comment by nazeer ahmad chaudhry on August 16, 2013 at 4:03am

Harappan  civilization reached improbable heights and evolved amazing scripts .
Ancient inscriptions and pictorials starting from Mehrgarh Gedrosia 7000 BC  till fall of civilization have always been an enigma. The  glories of the  ruined cities and their amazing un-deciphered script had many researchers imagining a gentle society of priests and scribes. Our decrypted secrets explain a culture that  reached the heights of artistic achievement during 1900-1300 BC  termed as Harappan civilization. New clues, unearthed from  research on  ruins and  from our decrypted secrets  point to new civilization of global trading termed as Matured Harappan

Comment by nazeer ahmad chaudhry on August 16, 2013 at 4:03am

Historical Perspective         

1^st success decryption of Indus Scripts confirmed through works of Dani, B B Lal , Mehdewan, Fair Server , Mark, Russian Professoers  and many others in the century was approved by Dani in 2005.  South Asia as most peaceful global trader and protector of global trading routes  was known as ‘golden sparrow’.Everyone got job at his home and economy was stable. “ We must share our research work because there is no government support” Dani said . We have many secrets from Indus Script decryption that can make South Asia as most peaceful region for global trading. Global Peace Mega Project at. http://twitter.com/#!/nazeeraahmadch. We salute Anhazari for greatmove against anti corruption

Comment by nazeer ahmad chaudhry on August 16, 2013 at 4:02am

“ What you think about round stone with stone round rod in the center and other on the top with hole in the center like grinding stone  on top” , my expert visitor Egyptian asked on my 7^th visit to Museum of Sasi & Punu two lovers near Twin port Karachi. Being from stone age cultural area , still using hand grinding in 1980 , acting as guide to my guest during last 6 tours , I thought it some sort of grinding though grinding stone are opposite to this , top has a wooen handle to move the stone , hole in the center has wooden piece a slot to where fulcrum from lower stone stone rest. Lower stone has  a hole and tappered wooden piece is used for adjust ment of fuckrum. “ But how you would move this set for grinding , this is from tepmle used by issueless women “ , my expert visitor guided me on 7^th visit.

My compliments to Thailand tourism , Ms Nani and the driver , she guided me in such an excellent fashon in 1995 that I still remember her. “ No guidence in the way , I would sit with driver , you have to be VIP not speaking a word “ , Nani gave the briefing on a cup of coffe before we started for visit of Royal Palace. She was such an excellent guide that she even gave out out cost of golden budda’s constume , golden bricks on the outer wall of golden temple. They had even kept book on Bhuddaism in my room.   Bhudaism started from Taxila Pakistan but we have to make living model of previous prehistoric cultures of snake worshipers and other

Comment by nazeer ahmad chaudhry on August 16, 2013 at 4:02am

Price Includes:
- Full package accommodation
- Transportation, meals and guide.

However, briefly, Alexander the Great entered the region around 327 B.C crossing the Hindukush Range South of the Pamir, conquering areas of upper and lower Swat, entered the area covered by the Indus, marching across to Hund which was the seat of trade and commerce on the bank of the River Indus.

Alexander then marched on to the plains covered by the River Jhelum where the battle with a defeated Raja Porus at the Salt Range near Jalalapur was made famous by Alexander offer to spare Raja Porus life on being told that the vanquished wished to be "treated as one king would do to another king". He then routed his journey again along the Indus, and finally returned by marching across Makran Desert to the coast on the Arabian Sea where he picked up vessels for his return to Macedonia.

My highest compliments to all concerned for excellent site."Sir, You have taken a right step to get those Swings removed from site of Harrapa" , Visitors thanked great scholar Dani when I visited his house in 2005. I had taken years to get it done by publishing  many articles requesting peoples to create more facilities at cultural heritage sites. My kids and wife would had been cursing me for taking them to Harrapa quite often , My family was not craking Indus Scripts in 1989 because I had more than one computer as Manager Army Computer Club Okara but they had to crack Indus Scripts in 1995 becaue we had  just one 486 computer for 3 kids and myself. What attraction kids and families had in ruins visiting 7^th time.

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